My experience with resumes vs. curricula vitae is limited to helping to design my boyfriend (Ph.D., Sociology) design his CV, and designing my and friend's resumes. The Doctor is helping me write this response. :)

Resumes are usually short and current, and there's a standard that one should not exceed two pages (one page in my experience). The content is usually explicitly tailored to the job one is applying for. (i.e. If you're applying for a manager postion, you would list experiences and past positions that detail how you would be right for that job.)

Curricula vitae tend to be longer in length (three to 20+ pages), and they typically list—literally—the life of one's academic accomplishments: every paper they've written, every work that they've had published, every presentation at a regional conference they've given, every talk or lecture they've been invited to give, every grant they've applied for: whether they've received it or not, every committee they've sat on, every journal they've reviewed for, every award they've ever won, every position they've ever held, every course they've ever taught, every graduate student they've mentored, and if they're just starting out, they may also include their references, such as their Dissertation Chair and Committee members and other important people in their field.

I think that covers most of it. I hope that helps.