@jayles: "But what exactly is wrong with beautiful Norman/anglo-french words like "sheriff"; or celtic words like "carry" why would you deny us our heritage?"

Nothing is wrong with non-Germanic words in their own tongues. And, no one is denying anyone interest in, or pursuit of their own heritage (unless, it seems, it is the pursuit of the rebirth of Germanic Ænglisc).

If one wants to speak mainly French and Latin words, speak French, Spanish, or Italian. If one wants to speak mainly Celtic words, speak a living Celtic tongue like Cymraeg, Brezhoneg, Gaeilge, or Gàidhlig. It is wrong and brazen to over burden English with borrowings from other tongues. Some borrowing is understood. Wanton borrowing, however, that seeks, willfully or otherwise, to crowd out native English words must be boldly dealt with head-on and halted right away...lest English suffer the same wyrd (fate) as Gothic, Vandalic, Greenlandic Norse, Norm, asf.

To start Pan-Celticism in earnest maybe someone could revive Kernewek (3000 speakers)or Gaelg (1700 speakers).

If one speaks English, one should speak English words.

@jayles:

1. "sheriff" (O.E. scīrgerefa) is not Norman, French, Celtic, or Latin at all. It is a Germanic English compound word: shire (O.E. scīr) + reeve (O.E. gerefa, O.E. gerēva), meaning "steward of an administrative district." So, there is nothing wrong with this word staying in the English wordstock! You likely meant "bailiff", right?

2. "What is the basis for IMPOSING your ideas about what is acceptable English and what is not? or for IMPOSING your Germanic words upon us?" This is a loaded question! It hangs upon what one means by "English". Truly, English is the brainchild of Germanic folks. It is, in a broad way, the blending of many North and West Germanic tongues (sprinkled with a little Latin from early Roman contact). It is most appropriate to "impose" Germanic words on the tongue itself, indeed when one wants to keep the true English alive. Now, if you mean the globally influenced mongrel tongue that the world claims to speak as English, well then this argument falls upon deaf, culturally relative, ears.

3. "Why is Germanic better than celtic, better than anything else?" Well, Celtic words are of little regards in English. There are hardly any Celticisms in English at all. The verb "carry" has never been in question. Someone already argued thusly: "Carry is fully anglicized ie it operates as a phrasal verb and in compounds using English prefixes." Moving on, no one ever said that Germanic was better than Celtic or whatever. The same could be asked about the late rebirth of Cymraeg. On 9 Feb 2011, the Welsh Language Measure received Royal Assent, assuring its "official status". Minister for Heritage, Alun Ffred Jones, said, “The Welsh language is a source of great pride for the people of Wales..." Mr. Ffred's words wreak of a Pan-Celtic, ethno-nationalistic, highly ethnocentric hate-speech, right? Pride for the Welsh? What about the other 95% of Great Britain who are non-Welsh? Have they no right to be proud? Next, they should stop calling themselves WELSH, don't you think?

4. "Frankly in Londinium today I hear more Urdu, Gujurati, Arabic, Tamil, Polish, and the rest than English (outside business circles of course). Must all these people too succumb to the Germanic tongue?" YES!! You only hear all of those tongues because of the recent settling of great hordes of immigrants. It is like that in most major world cities (i.e. Berlin, New York, München, asf). Outside of the big cities, it is probably a lot less like what you have described.

@jayles: "Once again we would need multiple substitutes to cover the various usages."

Yes! I am with you! I think you are right here, and likely about the "techno" wordstock, too. What else would one call a CD (compact disc)? It goes back to what I said about names of things and thoughts that came to English, like 'potato', 'cross/crucifix', and 'socks'. Although, I see no reason why English-speaking techies couldn't find English names for their future findings.

I was wondering when someone was going to bring up the DNA/Xenophobia argument. It's just plain wrong to put forth such conclusions, as written above, as true, immutable, irrefutable, unchangeable facts. At least, at this point in time. The DNA science, and by extension the arguments, are in their infancy and are going through huge growing pains all the time.

For every study or set of results that show "most of the genetic heritage of the British Isles is from an ancestral Atlantic Coast population group that includes the ancient Iberians, the Basques and the Atlantic-coast French", I can show the exact opposite results "proving" the "Germanicness" of the British Isles. It is inappropriate to argue using genetics because of the ever shifting outcomes. No definitive conclusions have yet been borne out, only opinions and guesses have been given. There are still many assumptions being made across the board, even, and especially, by the Hiberno-Basque-Celtic champions Oppenheimer and Sykes. The truth about British genetics is very likely somewhere betwixt the Anglo-Saxon and Hiberno-Celtic-Basque opinions.

Arguments about race, DNA, xenophobia, asf have no place here, as those involved in this blog are talking about the English language and, to a lesser extent, culture, not race, ethnicity, and certainly not, genes. Language and culture have little to do with DNA, otherwise Normans and Russians would be speaking a form of Old Norse, not Celtic/Gaulish-Roman and Slavic languages.

HALLMARK = feature

"One hallmark of his personality is his drive."

"Honor and integrity will be a hallmark of this administration"

"Restricting abortion has been a hallmark of his career."

It seems to work to mark a 'feature' just fine.

About DEVELOPMENT (develop + ment): Origins have been somewhat cloudy, but new info reveals the following:

develop >> from OFr. desveloper "to unfold, unfurl, unwrap" >> L.des- (dis-) "asunder, undo". veloper "wrap up" >> from V.L. *vlopp-, wlopp- >> PGmc. *wrappan-, *wlappan- (“to wrap, roll up, turn, wind”). Same etymology for 'envelope'; also related to 'warp' and 'wrap'. Cf. Mid. Eng. & O.E. wlappen,

-ment >> Latin suffix used to make nouns, and to mark a result/ effect of an action.

The word 'development' is a Latin-Germanic compound that English got later from French...around the 17th century. So, it might be ok to keep it in the English wordstock.

@jayles:

a) "football practice session": the meaning of session here (a meeting to perform some deed) is from the legal definition meaning "a continuous series of sittings or meetings of a court, legislature, or the like". It has also been put forward that the thought may have come from "Courts of Quarter Sessions". They were local courts traditionally held at four set times each year throughout the former British Empire.

b) Latin intrōdūcere literally means "to lead/bring inside". Introduce seems to be a more common term when equals are acquainted. PRESENT is taken as the more formal, or so I believe.

c) L. conductus (conduct) is the past participle of L. conducere (conduce). The past part came to mean "to guide, escort; behavior". The L. educate is from L. educatus (pp. of L. educare "bring up, rear". ē- (outside, away) + -duc- "lead" + -ātus - "suffix indicates a borrowing from Latin, but also indicates a process of some kind"). So, "educate" literally means "the process of leading away or to the outside

@jayles:

a) You are right, there are 'bigger fish to fry', but for this blog, Anglish is what is highlighted and foremost here. There is room for the bigger woes outside of this blog. I myself do worry about and take on these things in my daily life. I hope others do the same.

b) One of the best ways to understand a people (culture and history) is through their language. Yes, from within is the best way to make change in academia. If I got into the club, maybe that would give me a higher standing, and people would care to read my book(s). Although, maybe they will want to read them regardless of the academic critics. J.K. Rowling ring a bell? J.R.R. Tolkien? It took some doing, but they made it beyond the academic wall.

No, I am not a weapons dealer!! My business does fill a great need (legal, moral, and ethical) in the economy.

@Stanmund: Fr. deja vu means "already seen". Both words, 'already and seen', are Germanic English. There is no need to 'reinvent the wheel'.

I am not sure I see how "side working" would mean "distinctive part". That is how you used the word in your sentence. The English word "hallmark" could be used, and is used in the mainstream today.

"'kill tug' i.e 'killing machine' (?) etymology of name 'kellogg' rather than 'kill hog' (?)"

KELLOGG, Kellock (ME kellen (also killen, cullen) + hogg) means "one who kills hogs", a butcher. The name is first found in Essex court rolls as Kyllehog from 1277 AD. The name is often confused with the Hiberno-Norse name Kjallák(r) (from Irish Ceallach

"England is Gothic by birth, Roman by adoption." -George Perkins Marsh, pg.18, "The Goths in New England" (1843)

Thoughtfully well said!