missed some:

ultimately (L.L. ultimatus + Gmc. -ly)

Christians (from Church L. christianus, from Eccles. Gk. christianos, from Christos + Gmc. -'s)

quasi (from L. quam)

Sorry!

@jayles: You are welcome! Which of my ideas would you like to draw from? It is a good thing to talk about. So many "academic" (Gk.) words shouldn't be needed, but sadly, in school (Gk.) they will be. I am not for making new English words as it were. I am for learning about the rich English that has been hidden and/or lost underneath all of the borrowed words.

As I have written many times, some Latin (L.), Greek (early Germanic borrowing from L. Graeci), Dutch, German (L.), and Scandinavian words belong to English since they were borrowed so long ago, put forth a new idea/thing, or may have filled in a gap (like 'Saturday'). Wanton, worthless borrowing is what I am against.

The first Latin words (and some Latin borrowings from Greek) borrowed into West Germanic started about 100 B.C. (food names, Weekday names are loan rewordings, so 'Saturday' (L.) was borrowed). The second Latin borrowing (starting in about 597 AD, Church Latin) came at the time the Anglo-Saxons became Christians. Words like "oil" (O.E. æle, from L. oleum, from Gk. elaion), "butter" (O.E. butere, from L. butyrum; ultimately from Gk. boutyron), cheese (O.E. cyse, from L. caseus), cup (O.E. cuppe, from L.L. cuppa-borrowed throughout Germanic), and so on, are to my mind, good English.

All in all, the Romans (L.) seem to have set up the framework for a way of living that everyone today, more or less, follows. So, it is likely that a little Latin will be left behind everywhere the Romans were, or a little French from the Normans, and that is all right. This is not the same as needlessly borrowing words into English, with the same meanings and ideas, that it already had/has.

It is the third Latin borrowing (beginning in 1066) and the fourth Latin borrowing (beginning in Middle English about 1450) that I think are uncalled for. Your idea about making new "quasi-old-english words" is true, and well taken. Again, why not learn the about the Germanic words that have been gilded in French, the lost Ænglish (before 1066), as well as the English that has been slowly forgotten thanks to academia (Gk.)?

Hope you had your "brellie" (Aussie slang) to withstand the wet "arvo" (Aussie/New Zealand slang)! By the way, this whole thing was written in Germanic English (with befitting borrowings), unless otherwise marked. This shows that there is no need to make up new "quasi-Old English" words ( I did not make any word up), and the Germanic soul of English itself.

French-gilded Germanic word of the day:

remark (L. 're-' + P.Gmc. *marko, through O.H.G. marchon)

@jayles: "I think we mostly do, looking at all the french and latin borrowings in your reply."

We "mostly" do not. Your idea that English is now merely a dialect of French/Latin is utterly unfounded. (good job trying to be an 'agent provocateur'! LOL!) Yes, the schools are loaded with borrowed words that are lauded as "intellectual". Yes, the International Community learns pseudo-English. That's why Anglish Moot, and others, do what they do. The amount of French words & influence borrowed into English is, however, way overblown. Leave it to those so-called "educated" to lie (i.e. 'obfuscate') about the truth.

The ways French affected English:

1) Pronunciation
2) Vocabulary
3) Word order of windy, boastful titles like 'Secretary General', 'Attorney General', 'Surgeon General'

Th-th-that's ALL folks!

I loaded up my comment with Latin-French borrowings for the benefit of the reader to ensure complete understanding of my meaning. I don't have to write with the borrowings, if I choose not to. Why? I speak, read, and write English.

"Of course there is a smattering of little english grammar particles to hold it all together, but the bricks are frenchie." Untrue. I would like to know from which well-spring your ideas flow.

"laud", by the way, is from P.Gmc. *leuthan, and is not French or Latin. ;-)

@jayles: Thanks! LOL! Although, the etymology of the German word "toll" is different.

Today, as you know, "toll" means "terrific, awesome, cool, smashing, etc". Originally, "toll" meant "crazy, mad, frenzied, bedlam" (cf. OE "dol" and "dold", modernly "dull" and "dolt"). OE "dol" (Mod.E "dull"). OE "dold" (Mod.E "dolt") and Ger. "toll" are all from P.Gmc. *dulaz . The meaning 'crazy' is still carried in German words like "tollwütig (rabid), liebestoll (lovelorn/love-crazy)".

So, what are you saying exactly? ;-)

Anyway, more about "toll".

It seems that, at least the German word "Zoll", while apparently a cognate, stems from from P.Gmc.*talo- (root also of "tale" and "tell") according to Friedrich Kluge (pg. 409, An etymological dictionary of the German language). Kluge also states that Anglo-Saxon "tolna" and OE "toll" derive from *talo-, too. He wrties, "The Ger. words are...so old, and correspond so closely, that they must be regarded as of genuie Teut. origin."

"Zoll" in German usually refers to "customs duty/ tariff" and also refers to "inch" (i.e. 2.54 cm). "Maut" in German is a Bavarian word refers to a 'parking toll' or 'bridge toll', asf (from Gothic mota through OHG muta--Latin derivation cannot be correct because the German term is recorded earlier.).

Etymologies for "tell" and "toll":

1. "Tell" (v.): O.E. tellan (to calculate, to account, to consider, to reckon). From P.Gmc.*taljanan, *talzijanan "to mention in order, enumerate, to count". This verb
has the same P.Germanic base (*talo- 1."number, numerical reckoning" 2."speech, language") as "Tale" (O.E. talu). It is from here that German gets "Zahl, zählen, erzählen", Danish "tal, tale", Dutch "taal, tellen", Norwegian "telle", Icelandic "telja", and so forth.

2. "Toll" (n.)-meaning 'tax, fee' (another root): In addition to the Greek, OE tol, toll, toln (cf. O.Sax tolna) can be from P.Germanic *tullō ("what is counted"). This is the same root as German "Zoll", Dutch "tol", Danish "told", Swedish "tull", Icelandic "tollur", asf.

3. "Toll" (v.)- meaning "to sound with single strokes slowly and regularly repeated, as a bell.": From ME tollen "to draw, lure", which is a 13c. variant of O.E. -tyllan, as in betyllan "to lure, decoy," and fortyllan "draw away, seduce".

Germanic words dressed in French Guise ("French & Guise both being Germanic words, btw):

vogue (from Old Low Ger. *wogon)
guise (from Frankish *wisa)
French (O.E. frencisc "of the Franks", from Franca (from Frankish *Frank))
aubain (suggested from Frankish *alibanus)
cruet (from Frankish *kruka)
franchise (transitive verb. From Frankish *Frank + Gk. -ize, literally 'to make free')
jangle ("to chatter". from Frank. *jangelon)
ramp (from Frankish *rampon)
toupee (from Frankish *top)
arrange (from a- + Frankish *hring)
scabbard (from Frankish *skar + *berg, literally 'blade protector')
warble (from Frankish *werbilon)
stallion (from Frankish *stal)
hoe (from Frankish *hauwa)
slat (from Frankish *slaitan)

Surprising isn't it? More to come...

@Stanmund: "Toll" is O.E. toll/ toln which is a very early borrowing into Germanic from L.L. tolonium (from Gk. teloneion). Are you sure that you would want to use this word? An English equivalent is "reckoning".

"Lifetoll" seems more akin to "census" in meaning, which could be the very Germanic "Dweller Reckoning".

"Population" (from L. populus "people") means a "multitude of people", not an 'accounting of'. "Folk" or Folk Group/ Folk Throng all work just fine imo.

I think "populated" is rendered best by a word that already exists: "settled". "Settle" (n. & v.) is from O.E. setl (n.)/O.E. setlan (v.), which is from from P.Gmc. *setla-. "Settle" is defined as "to establish in residence; to furnish with inhabitants".

Hence:

* over populated = over-settled (overbefolked)
* under populated = under-settled (underbefolked)
* population centre = Folk middle (Befolking middle); Folk Seat

My 2 cents.

One more thing, the Saxon Thegns were not all killed in 1066, nor were they all immediately displaced thereafter. That is untrue. The surviving thegns were gradually deprived of their lands in favor of Normans upon their deaths.

Check out The Anglo-Saxon Thegn, AD 449-1066 (1993) by Mark Harrison for a complete treatment of the Anglo-Saxon Thegn.

@jayles: "Old English was SLAUGHTERED" is fantastic hyperbole! Too much is always made of the "Conquest". Had Harold Gōdwines sunu not been trying to fight a two-front invasion, things would have certainly been different. Anyway, it cannot be accurate, for if it were, we'd all be speaking French. Why do I write that?

Well, consider that there was an unbroken, normal transmission of (Old) English from one generation to the next (the ruled folks spoke English, not French), but the new generation also received new Norman-French words and expressions, too. An oft used example is that the expression "before-hand" comes from Norman "avaunt-main". It is interesting to note that almost no French loan words are found in English during the 11th and 12th centuries. Furthermore, late West Saxon and South Saxon were spoken well after the "Conquest", even though, the written word was mainly Latin or Anglo-French.

Old English, like most Germanic languages, had a very strong oral tradition which did not discontinue with the slaying of most of the thanes. As a matter of fact, Anglo-Saxons didn't really begin regularly writing things down until their conversion. Prior to 597 AD, hardly anything was ever written down. It must also be noted that the Norman ruling-class never tried to actively supplant the English language at all.

Now, one could make a great argument the Old English literature died with Wulfstan of York in 1023 A.D., but certainly not as a result of the Norman invasion. The transformation form Old English to Middle English is generally dated to 1100 A.D. (not 1066 AD), and it was not a result of the Norman Invasion. Besides, English was already naturally evolving on its own prior to the Norman invasion due to the influx of Scandinavian (Danish & Norwegian) influence. The Norman interference simply sped up the process and took English into a slightly different direction with respect to vocabulary.

Old English simply suffered the same fate that Latin did: It merely transformed into something else--Middle English--but, it was still regarded as English...not Anglo-French (although, "Anglo-Norman" was used to differentiate itself from continental French because Anglo-Norman was quickly being considered too old-fashioned and dialectical shortly after 1066 AD--possibly due English influence? By the middle of the 12th century, Norman-French had lost its "purity". This is supported by the many accounts of English Knights who sent their kids to France to learn French.), Latin-Saxon, or Frenglish. The fact is that English remained the vernacular during the entire Norman occupation, and even those in the highest classes eventually had English as a mother-tongue.

Yes, to assert the bourgeoisie was "embarrassed" did produce a muddled meaning. The Normans were said to be indifferent to English, which is worse. There is no debate that English was considered uncultivated (i.e. vulgar) and socially inferior. Ænglisc did fall out of favor as the language of the nobility, education, diplomacy, commerce (generally), and education being replaced, of course, by Norman-French. The church is not to be excluded, since Latin and French were exclusively used during this period.

When the evidence is closely scrutinized, it is clear that the Norman Conquest had little direct impact on the English language. The fault lies with the church and the academics. Enter the University of Paris that was established in the 12th century. Later on, the "Renaissance scholars" shoulder the rest of the blame. To put a finer point on it, it was, at one time, mandatory that Oxford scholars learn either Latin or French. Latin was the language of education and piety, and French was the language of "Polite Society".

More Germanic words given back to English through N.French:

garden (from Frankish *gardo, from P.Gmc. *gardaz- )
hale (from Frankish *halon or O.Du. halen)
hurt (from Frankish *hurt)
pocket (from Frank. *pokka, from P.Gmc. *puk-)
rabbit (dim. of Flem./M.Du. 'robbe' + Fr. suffix -it.
wage, gage (from Frankish *wadja-, from P.Gmc. *wadiare)
wait (from Frankish *wahton, from P.Gmc. *waken)
wallop, gallop (from Frankish *wala hlaupan)
warden (from Frankish *warding-)
wicket (from P.Gmc. *wik- through Old Norse)

More later...

The O.E. prefix "ed-" (from P.Gmc. *ith-) is found in cognate form in the word EDDY (a current of water or air running contrary to the main current. From from O.N. iða "whirlpool").